Cities have invested heavily in modernising public transport over the past decade. Contactless payments, mobile ticketing, passenger information systems, parking, tolling, and mobility services have all evolved rapidly. Yet in many cases, these services continue to operate through separate platforms, creating disconnected commuter experiences and adding complexity for transport authorities and service providers.

For decades, public transport operations have been planned around fixed timetables, historical demand patterns, and periodic service reviews. This approach remains essential for scheduling routes, allocating vehicles, and managing resources. The challenge is that demand no longer behaves as predictably as it once did.

The way commuters access and pay for public transport has changed significantly over the past decade. Dedicated transport cards, paper tickets, and cash-based fare collection systems were designed for networks where journeys were relatively simple, operators worked independently, and payment options were limited.